Comprehensive Analysis of Soil Physical Properties and their Relationships: Recommendations for Optimized Irrigation Strategies

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the soil physical properties in the Zobe Irrigation Area of Katsina State to determine the most suitable irrigation method for enhancing water use efficiency and crop yield. Soil samples were collected from six different locations and analysed for texture, bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity. The results indicated that the soils are predominantly sandy loam, with an average sand content of 60.17%, silt 24.17%, and clay 15.7%. The mean bulk density was found to be 1.38 g/cm³, while the mean porosity was 47.67%. A strong negative correlation was observed between sand content and field capacity (-0.72), and a strong positive correlation between porosity and field capacity (0.983). Additionally, a strong negative correlation between bulk density and field capacity (-0.962) was identified, indicating that denser soils have lower water retention. Analysis within the soil profile revealed a decrease in sand content and bulk density with depth, and an increase in silt content and porosity. Based on these findings, drip irrigation is recommended as the most effective technique for the study area due to its ability to deliver water directly to the root zone, thus ensuring efficient water use and optimal moisture levels. Supporting studies confirm that drip irrigation maintains consistent soil moisture levels, crucial for maximizing plant available water capacity and promoting healthy plant growth. This research provides essential insights for developing climate-resilient irrigation strategies to support sustainable agriculture in semi-arid regions.